Module 1: What is Psychology?

Module 1:

Introduction to Psychology

🌟 Module Overview

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour. This module introduces the origins of psychology, how it developed into a recognised science, the major schools of thought that shaped modern psychology, the psychologists behind these theories, the key principles that underpin psychological research, and the different professional fields where psychology is applied today.

Rather than relying on assumptions or personal opinions, psychology uses scientific methods to understand why people think, feel and behave the way they do.

🎯 Learning Objectives

By the end of this module you should be able to:

✅ Define psychology.

✅ Explain how psychology developed into a science.

✅ Describe Wilhelm Wundt's contribution.

✅ Compare Structuralism and Functionalism.

✅ Explain Behaviourism.

✅ Describe Freud's theory of the unconscious.

✅ Explain Skinner's contribution to psychology.

✅ Describe Humanistic Psychology.

✅ Explain Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

✅ Describe Carl Rogers' Client Centred Therapy.

✅ Explain the key themes of psychology.

✅ Understand the importance of critical thinking.

✅ Describe the main areas of applied psychology.

⭐ Assessment Focus

Pay particular attention to:

⭐ Definitions.

⭐ Important psychologists.

⭐ Key dates.

⭐ Schools of thought.

⭐ Comparing different approaches.

⭐ Key terminology.

⭐ Practical applications.

📖 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY?

📚 Definition

Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

It explores how people think, feel and behave throughout their lives using scientific methods and evidence based research. Psychology aims to understand both normal and abnormal behaviour and how biological, psychological and environmental factors influence human experience.

Although many people associate psychology only with mental health, it is actually much broader and includes learning, memory, perception, development, relationships, personality, emotions, motivation, decision making and many other aspects of human behaviour.

🔑 Key Points

• Psychology developed from philosophy into a scientific discipline.

• Psychology studies both the conscious and unconscious aspects of behaviour.

• It investigates thoughts, emotions and behaviour using scientific research.

• Psychology is used in education, healthcare, workplaces, counselling, sport, research and many other professions.

🌍 Why Psychology Matters

Studying psychology helps us understand ourselves and the people around us.

It explains why people may think differently, respond differently to situations, develop different personalities and behave differently despite similar experiences.

Psychology also helps improve communication, relationships, education, healthcare and mental wellbeing.

💡 Real Life Example

Two children may grow up in the same household with the same parents but develop completely different personalities, learning styles and interests.

Psychology helps explain why this can happen by considering genetics, life experiences, environment and individual differences.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Remember:

✔ Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

✔ Psychology uses scientific methods.

✔ Psychology investigates thoughts, feelings and behaviour.

✔ Psychology developed from philosophy.

🚨 Common Mistakes

❌ Thinking psychology only studies mental illness.

✅ Psychology studies all aspects of human behaviour and mental processes.

❌ Thinking psychology is based on opinions.

✅ Psychology is based on scientific evidence gathered through research.

✅ Quick Check

Can you answer these?

☐ What is psychology?

☐ Why is psychology considered a science?

☐ Give three areas psychology studies.

☐ Why is psychology useful in everyday life?

🏛️ THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

📚 Overview

Psychology has not always been recognised as a science.

For many centuries, questions about the human mind were explored through philosophy. Philosophers debated why people think, learn and behave the way they do, but there was very little scientific evidence available to support their ideas.

As scientific methods developed, psychology gradually separated from philosophy and became an independent scientific discipline based on observation, experimentation and evidence.

Today, psychology continues to evolve as new research improves our understanding of the human mind and behaviour.

🏺 The Origins of Psychology

The word psychology comes from two Greek words:

Psyche = Soul or mind

Logos = Study

Together they mean "the study of the mind."

Although psychology originally focused mainly on the mind, modern psychology studies both mental processes and observable behaviour.

🔑 Key Points

• Psychology developed from philosophy.

• Scientific research transformed psychology into its own discipline.

• Psychology now relies on evidence rather than assumptions.

• Modern psychology continues to develop as new evidence becomes available.

💡 Why This Matters

Understanding the history of psychology helps explain why there are many different approaches today.

Each new psychologist built upon, challenged or expanded the ideas that came before them, helping psychology become the diverse subject it is today.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Know that:

✔ Psychology originated from philosophy.

✔ Psychology later became a scientific discipline.

✔ The word psychology comes from the Greek words psyche and logos.

🚨 Common Mistake

❌ Thinking psychology has always been a science.

✅ Psychology first developed from philosophy before becoming a scientific discipline.

✅ Quick Check

☐ Where did psychology originate?

☐ What do the words psyche and logos mean?

☐ Why did psychology become recognised as a science?

📖 Module 1 Progress

🟩 What is Psychology? ✅

🟩 History of Psychology ✅

⬜ Wilhelm Wundt

⬜ Structuralism

⬜ Functionalism

⬜ Behaviourism

⬜ Freud

⬜ Skinner

⬜ Humanistic Psychology

⬜ Abraham Maslow

⬜ Carl Rogers

⬜ Key Themes

⬜ Applied Psychology

⬜ Psychology Timeline

⬜ Psychology Bible

⬜ Key Definitions

⬜ Distinction Notes

⬜ Self Test

👤 WILHELM WUNDT

The Father of Modern Psychology

📚 Who Was Wilhelm Wundt?

Wilhelm Wundt is widely recognised as the Father of Modern Psychology because he established psychology as a scientific discipline rather than simply a branch of philosophy.

In 1879, Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

This event is considered the official beginning of psychology as an independent science.

🔑 Why Was Wundt Important?

Before Wundt:

• The mind was mainly studied through philosophy.

• There was very little scientific investigation.

• Psychological ideas could not easily be tested.

After Wundt:

• Psychology became an experimental science.

• Behaviour and mental processes could be investigated scientifically.

• Research methods became increasingly systematic and evidence based.

🔬 Introspection

One of Wundt's most important contributions was the use of introspection.

Definition

Introspection is a form of self examination in which individuals carefully observe and describe their own conscious thoughts, feelings and sensations.

Participants were exposed to different stimuli and asked to describe exactly what they experienced.

Advantages

✔ Introduced scientific investigation into psychology.

✔ Encouraged careful observation.

✔ Helped establish psychology as an independent science.

Limitations

❌ Experiences are subjective.

❌ Different people may describe the same experience differently.

❌ Results can be difficult to reproduce consistently.

These limitations encouraged psychologists to develop new approaches.

💡 Real Life Example

Imagine being shown a picture of a snake.

Using introspection, you would describe exactly what you experienced.

For example:

"I felt frightened."

"My heart started beating faster."

"I wanted to move away."

Rather than measuring behaviour alone, introspection focused on conscious experience.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Know these facts:

✔ Wilhelm Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory.

✔ The laboratory opened in 1879.

✔ It was located in Leipzig, Germany.

✔ Wundt used introspection.

✔ Wundt is known as the Father of Modern Psychology.

🚨 Common Mistakes

❌ Confusing Wundt with Freud.

✅ Wundt studied conscious experience.

✅ Freud studied the unconscious mind.

✅ Quick Check

☐ Who founded the first psychology laboratory?

☐ What happened in 1879?

☐ What is introspection?

☐ Why was Wundt important?

🧩 STRUCTURALISM

📚 What is Structuralism?

Structuralism was one of the earliest schools of psychology.

It was developed by Edward Titchener, a student of Wilhelm Wundt.

Structuralists believed that psychology should study the structure of consciousness by breaking conscious experiences down into their simplest components.

They continued to use introspection to investigate conscious thoughts and feelings.

🔑 Key Ideas

• Conscious experience can be broken down into basic elements.

• Introspection is used to study conscious thoughts.

• Understanding these basic elements helps explain more complex experiences.

👤 Edward Titchener

Famous For

✔ Structuralism

✔ Expanding Wundt's ideas

✔ Using introspection to study consciousness

💡 Real Life Example

Imagine eating a strawberry.

Instead of simply saying:

"I like strawberries."

A structuralist would describe:

• Sweet taste

• Soft texture

• Bright red colour

• Fruity smell

The aim was to break the experience into its simplest parts.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Remember:

✔ Structuralism focuses on the structure of consciousness.

✔ Edward Titchener developed Structuralism.

✔ Introspection was the main research method.

🚨 Common Mistake

❌ Thinking Structuralism studies behaviour.

✅ Structuralism studies conscious experience.

✅ Quick Check

☐ Who developed Structuralism?

☐ What was its main aim?

☐ Which method did Structuralists use?

⚖️ FUNCTIONALISM

📚 What is Functionalism?

Functionalism developed partly as a response to Structuralism.

Rather than asking:

"What is consciousness made of?"

Functionalists asked:

"What is the purpose of consciousness?"

William James believed thoughts and behaviours should be understood according to how they help people survive, adapt and function in everyday life.

👤 William James

Famous For

✔ Functionalism

✔ Studying adaptation

✔ The purpose of behaviour

🔑 Key Ideas

• Behaviour has a purpose.

• Mental processes help people adapt.

• Psychology should study how people function in everyday life.

💡 Real Life Example

Feeling fear before crossing a busy road helps keep you safe.

Functionalists would ask:

How does fear help us survive?

rather than simply describing the feeling itself.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Know that:

✔ William James developed Functionalism.

✔ Functionalism studies the purpose of behaviour.

✔ Behaviour helps people adapt to their environment.

📊 Structuralism vs Functionalism

Structuralism	Functionalism
Edward Titchener	William James
Structure of consciousness	Purpose of consciousness
Introspection	Adaptation
Conscious experience	Everyday functioning

🚨 Common Mistake

❌ Structuralism and Functionalism are the same.

✅ Structuralism asks:

What is consciousness made of?

✅ Functionalism asks:

What is consciousness for?

⭐ Memory Helpers

Wilhelm Wundt

🧠 Father of Modern Psychology

📅 1879

📍 Leipzig

🔬 Introspection

Edward Titchener

🧠 Structuralism

🔬 Conscious experience

🧩 Breaking consciousness into parts

William James

🧠 Functionalism

🌍 Adaptation

🎯 Purpose of behaviour

📖 Module 1 Progress

🟩 What is Psychology? ✅

🟩 History of Psychology ✅

🟩 Wilhelm Wundt ✅

🟩 Structuralism ✅

🟩 Functionalism ✅

⬜ Behaviourism

⬜ Freud

⬜ Skinner

⬜ Humanistic Psychology

⬜ Abraham Maslow

⬜ Carl Rogers

⬜ Key Themes

⬜ Applied Psychology

⬜ Psychology Timeline

⬜ Psychology Bible

⬜ Key Definitions

⬜ Distinction Notes

⬜ Self Test

🧩 BEHAVIOURISM

📚 What is Behaviourism?

Behaviourism is a school of psychology that focuses on observable behaviour rather than thoughts or feelings.

Behaviourists believed that psychology should only study behaviour that can be seen, measured and scientifically tested.

Instead of asking what people are thinking, behaviourists asked:

"What behaviour can we observe?"

👤 John B. Watson

📅 Key Information

Approach: Behaviourism

Known For: Founder of Behaviourism

Main Focus: Observable behaviour

🔑 Watson's Main Belief

Watson argued that psychology should become an objective science by studying only behaviour that can be directly observed.

He believed thoughts and emotions could not be measured accurately enough to study scientifically.

👤 B.F. Skinner

📅 Key Information

Approach: Behaviourism

Known For: Operant Conditioning

Main Focus: Behaviour is shaped by consequences.

🔑 Skinner's Main Belief

Skinner believed behaviour is learned through experience.

Behaviours that are rewarded are more likely to happen again.

Behaviours that are punished are less likely to be repeated.

This became known as Operant Conditioning.

💡 Real Life Example

A child tidies their bedroom and receives praise.

Because the behaviour was rewarded, they are more likely to tidy their room again.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Remember:

✔ John B. Watson founded Behaviourism.

✔ Behaviourism studies observable behaviour.

✔ Skinner developed Operant Conditioning.

✔ Behaviour is influenced by rewards and punishments.

🚨 Common Mistake

❌ Behaviourism studies thoughts.

✅ Behaviourism studies observable behaviour.

✅ Quick Check

☐ Who founded Behaviourism?

☐ What does Behaviourism study?

☐ Who developed Operant Conditioning?

☐ How is behaviour learned according to Skinner?

🧠 PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

👤 Sigmund Freud

📅 Key Information

Approach: Psychoanalysis

Known For: The unconscious mind

Main Focus: Childhood experiences and unconscious processes.

📚 Freud's Theory

Freud believed much of human behaviour is influenced by thoughts, memories and desires that exist outside our conscious awareness.

These unconscious influences can affect behaviour without us realising it.

Freud also believed childhood experiences play a major role in shaping adult personality and behaviour.

🔑 Key Ideas

• The unconscious mind influences behaviour.

• Childhood experiences affect adult life.

• Internal conflicts shape personality.

• People may not always understand the reasons behind their behaviour.

💡 Real Life Example

Someone may have a fear of dogs without remembering the frightening childhood experience that caused it.

Freud would argue the unconscious mind still influences that fear.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Know that:

✔ Freud developed Psychoanalysis.

✔ Freud focused on the unconscious mind.

✔ Childhood experiences influence adult behaviour.

✔ Freud developed the Psychosexual Stages of Development (covered in more detail in Module 2).

🚨 Common Mistake

❌ Freud studied conscious thought.

✅ Freud studied the unconscious mind.

✅ Quick Check

☐ Who developed Psychoanalysis?

☐ What is the unconscious mind?

☐ Why are childhood experiences important according to Freud?

🌱 HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

📚 What is Humanistic Psychology?

Humanistic Psychology developed as a more positive approach to understanding people.

Rather than focusing mainly on illness or unconscious conflict, humanistic psychologists believed people have the ability to grow, make choices and reach their full potential.

This approach places importance on personal responsibility, free will and self development.

🔑 Key Ideas

• People are naturally motivated to grow.

• Every individual is unique.

• People have free will.

• Personal growth is possible throughout life.

👤 Abraham Maslow

📅 Key Information

Approach: Humanistic Psychology

Known For: Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow believed people are motivated by different levels of need.

Basic needs should generally be satisfied before higher level needs become the main focus.

The Five Levels

1️⃣ Physiological Needs

Food, water, sleep and shelter.

2️⃣ Safety Needs

Security, protection and stability.

3️⃣ Love and Belonging

Friendships, relationships and family.

4️⃣ Esteem

Confidence, achievement and respect.

5️⃣ Self Actualisation

Reaching your full potential and becoming the best version of yourself.

💡 Real Life Example

Someone struggling to find enough food is unlikely to focus on achieving personal goals until their basic needs are met.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Remember:

✔ Maslow created the Hierarchy of Needs.

✔ Self Actualisation is the highest level.

✔ Basic needs generally come first.

👤 Carl Rogers

📅 Key Information

Approach: Humanistic Psychology

Known For: Client Centred Therapy

Rogers' Main Belief

Rogers believed people already possess the ability to solve many of their own problems when provided with the right environment.

He believed therapists should offer:

• Empathy

• Acceptance

• Genuine understanding

rather than directing or judging clients.

Client Centred Therapy

This approach encourages individuals to explore their own thoughts and feelings while the therapist provides support rather than advice.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Know that:

✔ Carl Rogers developed Client Centred Therapy.

✔ Rogers believed people have the ability to grow.

✔ Humanistic Psychology focuses on personal growth and free will.

📊 Compare the Main Approaches

Approach	Main Psychologist	Main Focus
Structuralism	Edward Titchener	Structure of consciousness
Functionalism	William James	Purpose of behaviour
Behaviourism	John B. Watson	Observable behaviour
Psychoanalysis	Sigmund Freud	Unconscious mind
Humanistic	Maslow & Rogers	Personal growth

⭐ Memory Helpers

Watson

👀 Observable behaviour

🧠 Founder of Behaviourism

Skinner

🎁 Rewards

⚠️ Punishments

🔄 Operant Conditioning

Freud

🧠 Unconscious mind

👶 Childhood experiences

🛋️ Psychoanalysis

Maslow

🏔️ Hierarchy of Needs

⭐ Self Actualisation

Rogers

❤️ Client Centred Therapy

🤝 Empathy

🌱 Personal growth

📖 Module 1 Progress

🟩 What is Psychology ✅

🟩 History of Psychology ✅

🟩 Wilhelm Wundt ✅

🟩 Structuralism ✅

🟩 Functionalism ✅

🟩 Behaviourism ✅

🟩 Freud ✅

🟩 Humanistic Psychology ✅

🟩 Maslow ✅

🟩 Rogers ✅

⬜ Key Themes

⬜ Applied Psychology

⬜ Psychology Timeline

⬜ Psychology Bible

⬜ Key Definitions

⬜ Distinction Notes

⬜ Self Test

🌍 KEY THEMES OF PSYCHOLOGY

Throughout psychology there are several key themes that appear across different theories and approaches. Understanding these themes helps explain why psychologists may have different explanations for the same behaviour.

🔬 Psychology is Empirical

📚 Definition

Psychology is considered an empirical science, meaning psychologists rely on evidence gathered through observation, experimentation and research rather than personal opinions or assumptions.

Scientific findings must be supported by reliable evidence.

🔑 Key Points

• Based on observation and research.

• Evidence is tested and evaluated.

• Conclusions are supported by data.

• New evidence can change existing theories.

💡 Example

Instead of assuming exercise improves mood, psychologists would carry out research to test whether this is actually true.

🎓 Assessment Focus

✔ Psychology is empirical.

✔ Psychology relies on scientific evidence.

🧠 Psychology is Theoretically Diverse

📚 Definition

There is no single theory that explains all human behaviour.

Different approaches explain behaviour from different perspectives, each contributing to our overall understanding of psychology.

🔑 Key Points

• Different theories answer different questions.

• No single approach explains everything.

• Modern psychology combines ideas from multiple approaches.

🌍 Psychology Evolves Within a Sociohistorical Context

📚 Definition

Psychological theories are influenced by the society and historical period in which they were developed.

As society changes and new research becomes available, psychological theories continue to evolve.

🔑 Key Points

• Psychology changes over time.

• Research improves our understanding.

• Cultural and historical influences matter.

🌱 Behaviour Has Multiple Causes

📚 Definition

Human behaviour is rarely caused by one single factor.

Instead, behaviour usually develops through a combination of biological, psychological, environmental and social influences.

🔑 Key Points

• Behaviour is complex.

• Many different factors interact.

• Different psychologists focus on different causes.

🌎 Culture Shapes Behaviour

📚 Definition

Culture influences how people think, behave, communicate and understand the world.

People from different cultures may behave differently because of their values, traditions and experiences.

💡 Example

Different cultures have different expectations regarding family life, education and communication.

⚖️ Nature vs Nurture

📚 Definition

One of psychology's longest running debates.

Nature

The characteristics we inherit biologically.

Examples:

• Genetics

• Brain development

• Hormones

Nurture

The influence of our environment.

Examples:

• Upbringing

• Education

• Religion

• Family

• Friends

• Culture

• Life experiences

🧠 Modern View

Most psychologists believe both nature and nurture influence behaviour.

Neither works independently.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Remember:

✔ Nature = Biology.

✔ Nurture = Environment.

✔ Modern psychologists recognise the importance of both.

💭 Subjective Experience

Each individual experiences the world differently.

Even when two people experience exactly the same event, they may interpret it differently because of their own thoughts, emotions and previous experiences.

🔍 Critical Thinking

📚 Definition

Critical thinking means carefully evaluating information before accepting it as true.

Psychologists question evidence rather than accepting claims without investigation.

Critical thinkers:

✔ Ask questions.

✔ Look for evidence.

✔ Consider alternative explanations.

✔ Avoid making assumptions.

💡 Example

Instead of believing a claim because it appears online, a psychologist would examine the evidence supporting it.

🎓 Assessment Focus

Critical thinking involves:

• Asking questions.

• Looking for evidence.

• Avoiding assumptions.

• Remaining open to new evidence.

💼 APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

Psychology is used in many professional settings.

🏥 Clinical Psychology

Works with individuals experiencing mental health conditions.

💬 Counselling Psychology

Supports people experiencing emotional, relationship or life difficulties.

🏫 Educational Psychology

Helps children, parents and schools understand learning and development.

🏢 Organisational Psychology

Applies psychology within workplaces to improve wellbeing, motivation and productivity.

🔬 Research Psychology

Conducts scientific studies to improve our understanding of behaviour and mental processes.

📊 Applied Psychology Summary

Area	Main Focus
Clinical	Mental health
Counselling	Emotional wellbeing
Educational	Learning and development
Organisational	Workplace behaviour
Research	Scientific investigation

🧠 PSYCHOLOGY TIMELINE

Year	Psychologist	Contribution
1879	Wilhelm Wundt	First psychology laboratory
Early 1900s	Sigmund Freud	Psychoanalysis
1913	John B. Watson	Behaviourism
1930s	B.F. Skinner	Operant Conditioning
1943	Abraham Maslow	Hierarchy of Needs
1950s	Carl Rogers	Client Centred Therapy

👥 PSYCHOLOGIST BIBLE (Modules 1 & 2)

Psychologist	Approach	Famous For	Remember
Wilhelm Wundt	Structuralism	First psychology laboratory	1879, Leipzig, Introspection
Edward Titchener	Structuralism	Conscious experience	Structure of consciousness
William James	Functionalism	Purpose of behaviour	Adaptation
John B. Watson	Behaviourism	Observable behaviour	Founder of Behaviourism
B.F. Skinner	Behaviourism	Operant Conditioning	Rewards and punishments
Sigmund Freud	Psychoanalysis	Unconscious mind	Childhood experiences
Abraham Maslow	Humanistic	Hierarchy of Needs	Self Actualisation
Carl Rogers	Humanistic	Client Centred Therapy	Empathy and personal growth

📖 KEY DEFINITIONS

Behaviourism – The study of observable behaviour.

Critical Thinking – Evaluating evidence before reaching conclusions.

Empirical – Based on observation and scientific evidence.

Functionalism – Studies the purpose of behaviour and mental processes.

Humanistic Psychology – Focuses on personal growth and reaching one's potential.

Introspection – A form of self examination. ⭐ (Remember the exact wording used in the assessment.)

Nature – Biological and inherited influences.

Nurture – Environmental influences and life experiences.

Psychology – The scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

Structuralism – Studies the structure of consciousness.

🚨 COMMON ASSESSMENT TRAPS

❌ Introspection = Examining internal states.

✅ Course wording = A form of self examination.

❌ Structuralism = Purpose of consciousness.

✅ Functionalism = Purpose of consciousness.

❌ Behaviourism = Thoughts and feelings.

✅ Behaviourism = Observable behaviour.

❌ Nature OR Nurture.

✅ Modern psychology = Both.

🏆 DISTINCTION NOTES

If you only have 10 minutes before the assessment, remember:

✔ Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour.

✔ Wundt founded the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

✔ Titchener = Structuralism.

✔ William James = Functionalism.

✔ Watson = Behaviourism.

✔ Skinner = Operant Conditioning.

✔ Freud = Unconscious mind.

✔ Maslow = Hierarchy of Needs.

✔ Rogers = Client Centred Therapy.

✔ Psychology is empirical.

✔ Nature and nurture both influence behaviour.

✔ Critical thinking involves asking questions, looking for evidence and avoiding assumptions.

📝 SELF TEST

Can you answer these without looking?

☐ What is psychology?

☐ What happened in 1879?

☐ Who founded the first psychology laboratory?

☐ What is introspection?

☐ What is Structuralism?

☐ What is Functionalism?

☐ Who founded Behaviourism?

☐ Who developed Operant Conditioning?

☐ Who developed Psychoanalysis?

☐ What is the unconscious mind?

☐ Who developed Humanistic Psychology?

☐ What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

☐ What is Client Centred Therapy?

☐ What does empirical mean?

☐ Explain the difference between nature and nurture.

☐ Name three areas of applied psychology.

✅ MODULE 1 COMPLETE

🎉 You should now be able to:

✅ Explain the origins of psychology.

✅ Identify the major schools of thought.

✅ Recognise the key psychologists and their contributions.

✅ Understand the core themes that run throughout psychology.

✅ Apply critical thinking to psychological research.

✅ Describe the main areas of applied psychology.

🔜 Coming Next: Module 2, Different Approaches to Psychology

In the next module we'll explore developmental, social, biological, cognitive and experimental psychology, including Piaget, Erikson and how the major approaches compare.